19.6.08

Australia Trip ~ June 08

Day 1 0506 - Landed in Darwin and Melbourne
Flew Tiger Airways to Melbourne via Darwin on an overnight flight. Landed in Melbourne airport at around 7. Tiger really was cutting costs by using Terminal 4, where the bag collection area was just a fenced up sheltered area.
Shamir woke up late, so I made my way to Southern Cross station on the Sky Bus instead of meeting him at the airport. All the better I suppose, since the Sky Bus costs a lot to travel on. Melbourne was pleasantly cool with some fog on that day. So I met Shamir at Southern Cross and from there we went to his place to dump my stuff. Walked around the area while waiting.
We decided that the day would be spent walking around. So we first went to RMIT campus, which was just a bunch of buildings close together, cos it was smack in the city. After strolling through the campus, we went to Queen Victoria Market, which sold all kinds of stuff. Saw some normal stuff and some unusual stuff including Kangaroo skins and Carpet Pythons. There were 2 sections, one that was like a permanent Pasar Malam and the other a proper building, mainly selling food stuff.
We walked to Flinders Street Station from QVM and walked through Melbourne's shopping district. There was not really anything exciting going on. From Flinders, we took a tram to St. Hilda's. We got some cakes and went to the beach to have them. Shamir did not eat his poppy cake. We just slacked at the beach, looking into the day, watching the sea gulls fight amongst themselves. It was quite entertaining watching an aggressive gull fighting against the rest.
We then walked down Chapel Street, another shopping district. Saw a man on blades being dragged by 2 small dogs along that road. On the other end, we met Karen, Shamir's friend in Melbourne. Her friend Alice was visiting her. Together, we headed to Chadstone, which was the largest shopping mall in the Southern Hemisphere. I was just interested in looking at the supermarket. Went back home after that.

Day 2 0606 - GOR
Today we went to the Great Ocean Road (GOR). Karen had lent us her car (without us asking no less), and I drove. Shamir was V comm. He only screwed up once, but we only went an additional 700m, which is nothing when driving. Went down to M1, which was the main highway leading to Geelong from Melbourne. I realised that the car had a slow pick-up speed and I was keen to try using the 2nd gear option that John had explained the night before, although I wanted to use it on the open road, when noone was around. When we reached GOR, I did try it out and it worked perfectly, like going on a low gear and stepping on the accelerator, so there was alot of power.
GOR was a windy scenic road, really quite a pleasant drive. We stopped here and thee along the way to take pictures and take in the view. The weather was not great till abit after lunch, which we had at Apollo Bay. The weather changed when we went through the forest and the glare of the sun was quite scary. When it first blocked our view, I was about 10m and just before a sharp right turn. The only thing that guided me was the sign board in front. Luckily there was also no oncoming traffic. After that incident there was a few more glaring moments but I had the over shades on so it was not too bad. We reached the 12 Apostles at around 2 and the view was spectacular. It was worth while driving the distance to see it. There was also a blow hole nearby and we saw an island that had mutton birds on it, aptly named Mutton Bird Island.
We made our way back via Port Campbell and hit the A1. Around 50km from Geelong, we were stopped at a police road block. Had my licensed checked and was given the green light by the officer. Guess there is no better way to confirm that a Singapore's driving license is valid in Australia. Also switched on the lights properly, before which I was driving on the parking lights. Cheap Toyotas had a different lights system. GOR was excellent; I enjoyed the sights, the drive and the experience. 9 hours on the road and over 500km covered.

Day 3 0706 - Yarra Valley
Karen wanted to go to the Yarra Valley and kindly invited Shamir, his family and I to go along. We went to Green Point, a vineyard, where we had a tour of the wine processing. Learnt some interesting stuff like red wine got its colouring from fermenting of its skin, as the fruit part of all grapes is white. Also some wine is riddled, which means fermented for a second time and after doing so, the yeast has to be removed. Tasted a few types of wine as well, with a white one that had a really interesting taste.
We had lunch after the tour at Healesville, a nearby village. After that, we went to Miss Marples, which was in the mountain nearby. Miss Marples is a quaint English Cafe that was supposed to be common a long time ago. Unfortunately, it was too crowded, so we decided to skip having anything there. We instead went to a tea speciality shop just beside Miss Marples. It stored a huge variety of teas, mixed with different ingredients to give them interesting tastes.
We went to a Jazz Club in the city at night and it was a blast to say the least. I was fascinated by the guy playing the bass (with a Cello like instrument) who did a solo. Really impressive. And he was the boss, who was going to get married the next day and was going to close the club the next day for the first time in 15 years. Impressive record he had.

Day 4 - 0806 - Philip Island
Had lunch today with Shamir's mum's sister's collegue, a Frenchman and his Chinese wife. After that we went to Philip Island, which John drove us to. First we went to see Noobies, which was a place the penguins were living on. Saw a few chicks in their burrows. After that we went to the Penguin Parade. It was cute to see the penguins come out of the sea. I found it interesting, how they built up the place to showcase something natural. As we came quite late, we started by standing from quite far behind initially. As people left after a short while, we moved forward, till the 2nd row. So I guess that was good, we waited for less then 5 minutes, saw the penguins from far and eventually from nearby. The penguins waited for a cluster to form before crossing the beach. Guess they want the protection before doing the dangerous crossing.

Day 5 - 0906 - Flying to Sydney
Did not do much today, just flew from Melbourne to Sydney. Sort of a rest day. Went to a place in the Northern suburbs and stayed with a woman, Rhonda, whom I found on couchsurfing.com. A nice 58 woman who let foreign strangers stay with her. She was kind enough to offer a bed and even provide a towel. I just took the day off to map out my plans in Sydney.

Day 6 - 1006 - Blue Mountains
Went to the blue mountains (BM) today, was a 3.5hr train journey to get to Katoomba, the main station to get around BM. Used my seesydneycard to pay for the Explorer Bus which was a bus that drove around and on which you could get on or off at different stops to take a look around those places. When I arrived there, I thought it would be a bad day at the Blue Mountains as it rained on the train ride in. Katoomba was just misty and fortunately for me, the mist cleared by mid day. Took the steepest train ride down and took the cable car back up. BM was a beautiful place, with every lookout point and turn presenting beautiful views. A nice place to visit for a day or 2 it is.

Day 7 - 1106 - Sydney Central
Went to Sydney Central area today with the aim of maximizing the seesydneycard. My first stop, the world famous Sydney Opera House for a tour of the place. While I am not a fan of opera and the likes, I am a fan of world famous places and the Opera House is right on. As I would see later on, the building is beautiful from all angles and at all times. The tour was great, got to know more about its history saw the theatres inside and even saw a school band practising for their performance later that night. Great tour, well worth the time.
After that I went to the Rocks, which is just across the ferry terminal for the Rocks Walking Tour. Another excellent tour in which I found out more about the oldest district in Australia and what life was like in the early days.
Went on the Jet Boat cruise from Circular Key after the tour, was a good open deck tour of the harbour area. After reaching Shark Island, the boat went into full gear. It was nothing compared to the RHIBs I was used to, but I did get a splash of water on me, haha, also nothing compared to my days at CNB. An Indian lady stared at me as if it were shocking that I got wet.
I went to the Sydney Museum after that. Was a small museum, on the historical development of the Sydney. Not highly recommended unless you can get in for free, like me.
I quickly rushed over to the Pylon Lookout, which was really great. There were great views of the Opera House, the bay areas and the Harbour Bridge from the side. Worth-while seeing, maybe more so than the Harbour Bridge Climb.
I took the ferry from Circular Quay to Darling Harbour to visit the Sydney Aquarium. The aquarium was fairly interesting, with seals and nurse sharks to view from underwater and above.
Went to the Sydney Tower after that and had a view of Sydney at night. Nice views from the tower.

Day 8 - Sydney and beyond
Went to town early today, to catch the bus tour departing from Star City (the casino) which started at 0830. The tour covered several suburbs of Sydney which had beautiful views of the bay from their front doors. Went to Arabanoo Lookout, a point facing the Pacific Ocean. After that the tour went to Manly Beach, which was a nice beach with a shopping strip (The Corso) separating the 2 Manly beaches. Went to the art museum there which had an exhibition on food, so there were some interesting paintings related to food. Went to Ocean World after that which was like the Sydney Aquarium but had some reptiles in there and did not have seals. The unique thing it had was a clear bottom under its tunnel, so one can see the sea bed creatures resting on the sea bed.
Took a ferry back to Circular Quay after the aquarium visit and headed straight to Wildlife World, which housed native Australian animals. Fairly interesting place where I saw some Wallabies fighting among themselves.
I walked to the Queen Victoria Building (QVB) which is a shopping centre built within one of the city's oldest markets. I went on the guided tour, in which I happened to be the only touring member. So it was an interesting tour in which the tour guide was plainly talking to me. I found the tour to be quite informative, with insights that Chinese were in Australia early on as miners, there was a bomb blast just outside the building in 1979 and the building is owned by Singapore.
After the tour, I had just enough time to visit the Powerhouse Museum, which was a museum showcasing exhibits relevant to Australians. Apparently its free after 4, but it closes at 5, so only can have a short visit when there.
Went back to Chinatown after visiting the museum and bought a packet of dried red chillies which I used to cook dinner for Rhonda and her family, Vegetarian Ravioli and Chilly Chicken.

Day 9 - Meeting Sydneyers
David drove me to the city today, since he worked there and so from Town Hall station, I made my way to Central Station, where I met Arjun, a friend I had made from Utopia. It was my first time meeting him. We took a bus to UNSW where I toured his campus before bidding him farewell as he had an exam later. We were supposed to meet again later in the evening but he had a guest at his place he had to entertain, so we did not meet again. After visiting UNSW, I walked to Randwick Circus and went on to Coogee Beach from where I began the Coogee-Bondi cliff walk. The walk was great, with good views of the cliffs and beaches along the way. The weather threatened to rain, but it did not rain. In fact it was warm enough for me to comfortable wear a t-shirt for the entire duration of the walk. Bondi was a disappointment, since it was deserted mostly, but I guess that’s how it is on a winter's Friday. I had tuna steak at Bondi, which was something I had always wanted to try. Also tried Kirk's passion fruit drink, that is a good drink to try, not too sweet or gassy, but had a good taste.
Went back to town area after Bondi and since I had plenty of time, I went walking around and walked to Circular Quay, where I went for a joy ride on the ferry to Parramatta. It was quite dark so I guess I did not see the inner harbour well, but what I found interesting was trees growing in the waters, like a mangrove swamp, but without the smell. Never knew such kind of plants existed.
I met Chua and his Swedish friend at Central Station and we walked over to Chinatown to have a Korean BBQ dinner. That was a good meal, cooked the Seoul Garden way, cooking your own meal. When Chua put salad over the meat, the waitress asked if that’s how we BBQ in our country. Chua explained that he had learnt this from another Korean place. So I guess it was a difference between North and South.
After that we went to Sydney Square, which was a revolving lounge. It had great views of the harbour bridge, opera house and the surrounding buildings. We were there for 2 hours and that’s how long it took to make a full circle.
Almost missed my stop on the way back, as I was sleeping on the train, so when it pulled at the Warrawee station, I opened my eyes to find that I was on my stop and quickly ran out of the train. Made it like 1 second before the doors closed.

Day 10 - Back to Melbourne
Woke up at 4.30am to say goodbye to Rhonda who was leaving earlier that day for work. Thanked her for the accommodation and hosting me. I woke up much later in the morning, to take the train to the airport for flying off.
Arrived in Melbourne abit late, due to a series of delays including long boarding time, waiting time before taking off due to heavy traffic and the pilot stopped short of the aerobridge in Melbourne. Just went to Chadstone later that night to watch Narnia, which I thought was quite a good movie to catch.

Day 11 - Melbourne Again
Went to the Sunday Market at St. Kilda's. Quite an interesting market. All goods sold has to be handmade. Ended up buying some presents for Shamir's family, a Thorny Devil for Shamir, Bilby for Sherhan and 2 mugs for his mother and step dad. I also was given a mug for myself.
We went to the Shrine of Remembrance, which is a tribute to all the soldiers from Victoria who have died for their country. It is an impressive building with sculptures and displays with great meaning.
We went to the Eureka Tower after that, and got a bird's eye view of Melbourne. We went to the Edge, which was a horizontal lift that carries people outside of the building itself. Had a nice look down through the glass. 8 seconds for us to hit the bottom if we jumped out. Also went to an open area of the building. Enjoyed some strong cold winds out there. After that went back and tried charcoal chicken before flying off to Darwin.

Day 12 - Darwin
Slept in Darwin airport for the night, rather uncomfortable sleep on the carpet. I decided to do a walkabout in Darwin and did so with my bag, which was not too heavy, only 9kg. So I walked out of the airport. I found that stretch interesting as it looked like the typical Australian outback, maybe abit more vegetation. Red soil, interesting trees and a bright sun shine. I walked towards the town centre, going from the eastern beaches. There was one part where I noticed the tracks of people ran out and I found out why. There was a rocky outcrop between the beaches. So I crossed that carefully, slipping once only.
I reached the town centre around 4 hours after setting off. There was not really much going on there, so I decided to go to Casuarina. It was a suburb which I found to be bigger than I expected. Took me 40min to walk from the centre to the beach which was huge and mostly empty. Spent sometime just stoning there.
Went back to the city centre after that and walked around there for abit. All the shops closed by 5pm in the main road, except unsurprisingly, a Chinese restaurant.
Before heading on the public bus that stops relatively near to the airport, I saw the ruins of a building near the bus terminal. It was a former government building destroyed by Cyclone Tracey in 1975. Just to look at the ruins was quite impressive display of the power of the cyclone.
Darwin is also a good place to see the true picture of Australia’s aboriginal people. Saw a group of men walking to the beach with a carton of beer and a bag of ice in the morning and in the evening. Guess they have yet to find their place in the new Australia.
On my walk in to the airport, I had a pleasant surprise waiting in front of me. It was a Western Brown Snake. It was laying still just in front of where I was walking and fortunately for me, I stopped 2m before it. Gave it a wide berth before carrying on my journey. I was on the look out for them as I knew I was in their territory and they were nocturnal.
My kiasuism in lining up for tickets early paid off as I got an emergency exit seat, which was good expect that the seat could not lean back, but had more leg room.

All in all, the trip to Australia was excellent, definitely one with fun and exciting moments to remember. It did capture the essence of the travelling I like doing, which is encountering genuine problems and having to use my wits to get over them to reap the rewards of travelling.

--Chua to send me photos from the restaurant and Sydney Square--


~~~~Check out shamir's blog for melb pictures~~~~

so why did the chicken cross the road?

BARACK OBAMA:
The chicken crossed the road because it was time for a CHANGE! The chicken
wanted CHANGE!

JOHN MC CAIN:
My friends, that chicken crossed the road because he recognized the need to
engage in cooperation and dialogue with all the chickens on the other side
of the road.

HILLARY CLINTON:
When I was First Lady, I personally helped that little chicken to cross the
road. This experience makes me uniquely qualified to ensure -- right from
Day One! -- that every chicken in this country gets the chance it deserves
to cross the road. But then, this really isn't about me.......

DR. PHIL:
The problem we have here is that this chicken won't realize that he must
first deal with the problem on 'THIS' side of the road before it goes after
the problem on the 'OTHER SIDE' of the road. What we need to do is help him
realize how stupid he's acting by not taking on his 'CURRENT' problems
before adding 'NEW' problems.

OPRAH:
Well, I understand that the chicken is having problems, which is why he
wants to cross this road so bad. So instead of having the chicken learn
from his mistakes and take falls, which is a part of life, I'm going to
give this chicken a car so that he can just drive across the road and
not live his life like the rest of the chickens.

GEORGE W. BUSH:
We don't really care why the chicken crossed the road. We just want to
know if the chicken is on our side of the road, or not. The chicken is
either against us, or for us. There is no middle ground here.

COLIN POWELL:
Now to the left of the screen, you can clearly see the satellite image
of the chicken crossing the road...

ANDERSON COOPER - CNN:
We have reason to believe there is a chicken, but we have not yet been
allowed to have access to the other side of the road.

JOHN KERRY:
Although I voted to let the chicken cross the road, I am now against it!
It was the wrong road to cross, and I was misled about the chicken ' s
intentions. I am not for it now, and will remain against it.

NANCY GRACE:
That chicken crossed the road because he's GUILTY! You can see it in his
eyes and the way he walks.

PAT BUCHANAN:
To steal the job of a decent, hardworking American.

MARTHA STEWART:
No one called me to warn me which way that chicken was going. I had a
standing order at the Farmer's Market to sell my eggs when the price
dropped to a certain level. No little bird gave me any insider information.

DR SEUSS:
Did the chicken cross the road? Did he cross it with a toad? Yes, the
chicken crossed the road, but why it crossed I've not been told.

ERNEST HEMINGWAY:
To die in the rain. Alone.

JERRY FALWELL:
Because the chicken was gay! Can't you people see the plain truth?'
That's why they call it the 'other side.' Yes, my friends, that chicken
is gay. And if you eat that chicken, you will become gay too. I say we
boycott all chickens until we sort out this abomination that the liberal
media white washes with seemingly harmless phrases like ' the other side.
That chicken should not be crossing the road. It's as plain and as
simple as that.

GRANDPA:
In my day we didn't ask why the chicken crossed the road. Somebody told
us the chicken crossed the road, and that was good enough.

BARBARA WALTERS:
Isn't that interesting? In a few moments, we will be listening to the
chicken tell, for the first time, the heart warming story of how it
experienced a serious case of molting, and went on to accomplish its
life long dream of crossing the road.

ARISTOTLE:
It is the nature of chickens to cross the road.

JOHN LENNON:
Imagine all the chickens in the world crossing roads together, in peace.

BILL GATES:
I have just released eChicken2008, which will not only cross roads, but
will lay eggs, file your important documents, and balance your check
book. Internet Explorer is an integral part of the Chicken. This new
platform is much more stable and will never cra...#@&&^(C% .........
reboot.

ALBERT EINSTEIN:
Did the chicken really cross the road, or did the road move beneath the
chicken?

BILL CLINTON:
I did not cross the road with THAT chicken. What is your definition of
chicken?

AL GORE:
I invented the chicken!

COLONEL SANDERS:
Did I miss one?

DICK CHENEY:
Where's my gun?

AL SHARPTON:
Why are all the chickens white? We need some black chickens.

12.6.08

OneRepublic

Jono's song recommendation of the week is One Republic's Stop and Stare for its catchy lyrics, melody and down-tempo pseudo-accoustic beat..




8.6.08

the most dumb piece-o-crap i discovered this sem is the fact that appeals for extension to a submission date are approved or denied after the submission date has passed...even if its submitted with the supporting documentation early..like 2 weeks early...ridiculous university administration is juz more trouble den its worth..i figure its part of an amazin conspiracy plan where the trouble u've got to go thru to get a time extension approved is so high that students will juz submit their work in on time even if they're half dead with flu or suicidal from family issues or if their families have gone bankrupt..nevermind it all...die if u must...juz get the work in on time..

i wonder if i shd really juz drop the whole damn course and go work in an architectural design firm for a year or 2..forget the whole damn thing and university...screw it all to hell man..i can draught and get a decent pay and juz continue studyin design and architecture on my own time and own terms without worryin bout anythin like deadlines and lousy criticism..screw it all man..

forget it..i'm rantin..but really, i should do more to get an internship in a firm..been watchin quite a bit of House and Battlestar Galactica recently..should find time to squeeze in lines like "you need a plastic surgeon more than you need friends" during decent conversation to maybe spice it up a little..mean? mean is what you call someone who doesn't really care..i do...just as much as you would really care for public criticism..which isn't much but still is there..

so then..i'll talk to anyone who can tell mi how screwed up life really is..but if you're optimist...too bad for ya..i should get some sleep...am heading to Sydney tm..

29.5.08

Group Camp + Tang Dynasty Burns

http://singaporeseen.stomp.com.sg/singaporeseen/viewContent.jsp?id=23966

Good to see some rebelious scouts burning down a chief cockster's home...

It has been quite a busy holiday so far, been busy preparing for the camp and finding out about setting up my business. Busier than school timings, haha.

Well the main bulk will end on Monday, so at least I have led the group camp as a main coordinator once, and can claim to have done it properly, unlike Shamir's good friend. Coming camps should have enough of these ppl to be the main organisers, clement, kcf, shamir and by then should be some new guys around.

28.5.08

May Work

arrgghhhhhhh. can i just scream that there's so much work to do!!! not because there really is a lot of work to do but because i'm procrastinating like crazy and that i think i'm certainly doing more than some of my group mates!!

GRRRR!!!!!!!!!

15.5.08

LOTR ~ Parallel Universe

Another night of WOTR and yet a completely different story it turned out to be.

Saruman started by coming out early, and being aggressive. The uruk hai made short work of Rohan, completely overrunning them, with no chance of survival. It was quick and unfortunate, Rohan was history so quickly.

Saruman then moved to defend himself, from the dangerous trees, haha, but he did not need it. Aragon made it to Minas Tirith to be crowned and Gondor stood strong, too strong for 20 sauron units, 10 southerons and 6 elite isengard units to take it. It was a deadlock.

So the battle raged North. Lorien was whacked by the Balrog and the forces from Dol Guldor made short work of those remaining. Rivendale fell next, under that same force, which was lead by the Mouth of Sauron. Interesting his encounter must have been with Elron. Forces from Angmar and Mount Gundabad came down on the shire and conquered it easily. Far north east, Dale was left unguarded and the Eastlings took it easily. The Free Peoples lost when Peligar fell. Gondor too contributed to their demise.

5.5.08

Listening Modes

Tsang would find this interesting. I got to do this listening assignments and this is part of the notes for it. But maybe the rest of you will too... coz its not just music.. but can be listening of any kind... like listening in a lecture or whatever.

****
Listening mode: a distinctive attitude or approach that can be brought to bear on a listening experience. Some simple possible listening modes:


Distracted listening.
Distracted listening occurs where the listener pays no conscious attention whatsoever to the music. Typically, the listener is occupied with other tasks, and may even be unaware of the existence of the music.


Tangential listening.
Tangential listening is similar to distracted listening except that the listener is engaged in thought whose origin can be traced to the music, but the thought is largely tangential to the perceptual experience itself. An auditor is engaged in tangential listening when preoccupied with thoughts such as: why did the concert organizers program me this work? Isn't that the oboist who played at the last chamber music concert? I wonder how much money the guest artist makes in a year? Tangential listening behaviors may occasionally approach what might be called metaphysical listening:


Metaphysical listening.
Metaphysical listening is also similar to distracted listening insofar as the listener may not be especially attentive to the on-going perceptual experience. But the listener may be engaged in thinking about questions of some importance related to the work, such as: what motivated the composer to write this work? what does this music mean? why do I find this work so appealing? etc.


Signal listening.
Truax coined the term "listening-in-readiness" to denote the state of a listener waiting for some expected auditory event. E.g., rather than laboriously count hundreds of bars of rest, a percussionist may recognize a certain musical passage as a cue or "alarm" -- signaling the need to prepare to perform. In effect, the music is heard in terms of a set of signals or sign-posts. Similarly, a dance couple may wait for a dance tune with a desired tempo before proceeding on to the dance floor. A more sophisticated example of signal listening occurs whe listening to a work known or assumed to be in sonata-allegro form; the listener will wait for features in the music that signal the advent of the next structural division, such as the advent of the development section, or the beginning of the second theme in the recapitulation.


Sing-along listening.
This form of listening is characterized by the listener mentally "singing-along" with the music. This mode of listening presupposes that the listener is already familiar with the work. Distinctive of this listening mode is a highly linear conception of the work in which a replay of memory is synchronized with an actual rendition. The listener's behavior is not unlike that of a recording which, when started at any given point in the music, can continue forward to the end of the work. Where a work is particularly well known to a listener, sing-along listening may occur as a purely mental activity without the mnemonic assistance of an actual performance. (See the work of Andrea Halpern.)


Lyric listening.
In music containing a vocal text, a listener may pay special attention to "catching" the lyrics and attending to their meaning. Lyric listening is possible only when the music contains lyrics in a language which is understood by the listener. Where the lyrics of a work are well known to a listener, the lyrics themselves may act as mnemonics for a form of "sing-along listening."


Programmatic listening.
While listening to music, many listeners imagine certain situations or visualize certain scenes -- such as rolling waves, mountain vistas, city streets, and so forth. In programmatic listening the listening experience is dominated by such forms of non-musical referentiality. Musical works that are overtly programmatic in construction may be assumed to enhance or promote such a listening mode. However, programmatic listening may arise even in the case of ostensibly non-programmatic works.


Allusive listening.
Allusive listening may be said to occur where a listener relates moments or features of the music to similar moments or features in other musical works. (`This reminds me of a passage in Bartók ...'). Allusive listening may be viewed as a form of referential listening in which the referential connection is made to the domain of music itself. Philip Tagg (1979) has made extensive use of allusive listening as a tool for studying musical meaning. Tagg has created musical "dictionaries" by asking listeners to construct lists of musical works of which a given work reminds them.


Reminiscent listening.
In reminiscent listening, music serves to remind the auditor of past experiences or circumstances in which the music was previously heard or encountered. The reminiscent listener's primary focus of attention is on the remembrance of past events -- or more particularly, on the remembrance of emotions experienced in conjunction with the past events.


Identity listening.
A listener engaged in asking any "what is" question regarding the music is engaged in what might be called "identity listening." Typical "what is" questions are: What is this instrument I am listening to? Is that a Neapolitan sixth chord? What is the meter signature? What language are the lyrics in? Who might the composer be? What is the style of this music called? etc. Identity listening often employs allusive listening as a problem-solving tactic.


Retentive listening.
The goal of "retentive listening" is to remember what is being heard. Retentive listening is most commonly encountered when music students perform ear training or dictation exercises. Unlike many other modes of listening, retentive listening is very much a problem-solving behavior. A composer in the process of improvising might use retentive listening skills to recall a fleeting passage or an appealing juxtaposition of notes.


Fault listening.
Fault listening occurs where the listener is mentally keeping a leger of faults or problems. A high-fidelity buff may note problems in sound reproduction. A conservatory teacher may note mistakes in execution, problems of intonation, ensemble balance, phrasing, etc. A composer is apt to identify what might be considered lapses of skill or instances of poor musical judgment. Fault listening tends to be adopted as a strategy under three circumstances: 1) where an obvious fault has occurred, the listener switches from a previous listening mode and becomes vigilant for the occurrence of more faults (this is a type of signal listening); 2) where the role of the listener is necessarily critical -- as in tutors, conductors, or music critics; or 3) where the listener has some a priori reason to mistrust the skill or integrity of the composer, performer, conductor, audio system, etc.


Feature listening.
This type of listening is characterized by the listener's disposition to identify major "features" that occur in the work -- such as motifs, distinctive rhythms, instrumentation, etc. The listener identifies the recurrence of such features, and also identifies the evolutions or changes which the features undergo. The "feature listening" mode may be considered superficially to be a creative union of two other listening modes: retentive listening (identification and remembrance of features), and signal listening (recognition of previously occurring features).


Innovation listening.
A variant form of allusive listening is one based, not upon the recognition of similarities to previous compositions, but upon the identification of significant musical novelty. Innovation listening is characterized by a vigilant listening-in-readiness for a musical feature, gesture, or technique that is unprecedented in the listener's experience. Composers may be especially prone to engage in innovation listening.


Memory scan listening.
When an auditor knows a work by memory, a special type of signal listening called scan listening is possible. An auditor may approach a memorized work with a question concerning the occurrence of a certain event: For example, the auditor may be interested in knowing whether the composer has used timpani in a given work; or does the word "but" occur in the lyrics to "Row Row Row Your Boat?" The scan listener will mentally execute a speedy rendition of a work in order to answer a given question. What distinguishes scan listening from signal listening is that the auditor tends to be impatient: the tempo of the music can be doubled or quadrupled to advantage for the scan listener.


Directed listening.
Directed listening entails a form of selective attention to one element of a complex texture; the listener purposely excludes or ignores other aspects of the music. For example, the auditor may attend to a single instrument for a short or prolonged period of time. Directed listening may ensue as a result of a listener's special interest, or may result from suggestions made by others. When a listener is concurrently viewing a notated score, it is possible that a visual attraction or interest in a particular aspect of a score may cause the listener to selectively attend to the corresponding sounds. The Norton Scores use a highlighting method to draw attention to various parts in orchestral scores. These scores thus dispose listeners to adopt a directed listening mode.


Distance listening.
Distance listening is characterized by an ongoing iterative recapitulation of the music up to the current moment in the work. As the music unfolds, the listener attempts to thread together past events and to build a complete scenario or over-view of the entire work. The distance listener is apt to make mental notes of the advent of new "sections" in the work. Distance listening may be likened to the task of memorizing a list of words. Beginning with a few words, the memorized words are iteratively repeated, each time adding a new word to the memorized list.


Ecstatic listening.
The term `ecstatic listening' is meant here in a very concrete and technical way. On occasion music will elicit a sensation of "shivers" localized in the back, neck and shoulders of an aroused listener -- a physiological response technically called frisson. The frisson experience normally has a duration of no more than four or five seconds. It begins as a flexing of the skin in the lower back, rising upward, inward from the shoulders, up the neck, and sometimes across to the cheeks and onto the scalp. The face may become flush, hair follicles flex the hairs into standing position, and goose bumps may appear (piloerection). Frequently, a series of `waves' will rise up the back in rapid succession. The listener feels the music to have elicited an ecstatic moment and tends to regard the experience as involuntary. Goldstein (1980) has shown that some listeners report reduced excitement when under a clinically-administered dose of an opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone -- suggesting that music engenders endogenous opioid peptides characteristic of pleasurable experiences. Sloboda (1991) has found evidence linking "shivers" responses to works especially loved by subjects.


Emotional listening.
Emotional listening is characterized by deeply felt emotion. The music engenders feels of sorrow or joy, resignation, great satisfaction. Occasionally there will be overt signs of emotion, such as the sensation of a lump in one's throat, imminent or overt weeping, or smiling. The emotions may be related to current events in the listener's life, but the feelings are more apt to seem non-specific and to arise `from nowhere'.


Kinesthetic listening.
This form of listening is characterized by the auditor's compulsion to move. Feet may tap, hands may conduct, or the listener may feel the urge to dance. The experience is not so much one of `listening' to the music, as the music `permeating' the body. Kinesthetic listening is best described as `motivation' rather than `contemplation'.


Performance listening.
When performers listen to works that are part of their own repertoire, they may experience a form of vicarious performance. For conductors, instrumentalists, and vocalists, arms, fingers, and vocal cords may subliminally re-create the gestures and performance actions involved during actual performance. In such cases, listening may be mediated by an acute awareness of the listener's body. For example, musical passages that are difficult to execute may evoke a heightened sense of tension -- whether or not the sonic gesture conveys some musical tension.

N.B. This list is not intended to be exhaustive.

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